For long capturing the imagination of the public and living in the realm of science fiction, humanoid robots are stepping out into the real world. Now they are ready for mass deployment with the help of cutting-edge engineering and Artificial Intelligence.
But is this truly the "next big frontier" in technology, or are there significant hurdles yet to overcome before they seamlessly integrate into our lives?
Integrating multiple AI technologies
Humanoid robots are developed using a combination of artificial intelligence, sensors, actuators, and advanced materials to mimic human movements and interactions. They use AI for decision-making, computer vision for perceiving their surroundings, and machine learning for improving tasks over time.
Smooth limb movement, balancing on uneven territory, speech processing, and facial recognition allow for more natural human interaction.
These robots can walk, talk, and assist in various tasks, ranging from customer service to healthcare.
Humanoid robots integrate multiple AI technologies to function effectively. These include machine learning for adaptive behavior, natural language processing for communication, computer vision for recognizing objects and people, and deep learning for decision-making. Together, these AI components enable robots to perceive their environment, interact naturally with humans, and improve their skills over time.
Deep learning requires vast amounts of data and computing power but excels in automation and accuracy, while machine learning is more structured and needs human guidance.
Transforming tasks
Humanoid robots are being used in various sectors and industries -- healthcare, education, manufacturing and entertainment -- transforming the way tasks are performed.
These robots are continuously evolving, making them more capable of handling complex tasks in various countries, depending on national policies and priorities.
Japan has been pioneering the use of humanoid robots in elderly care to address its aging population and caregiver shortages. One notable example is AIREC, an AI-driven humanoid robot being tested in Tokyo. AIREC assists elderly individuals by gently rolling them onto their side—an essential movement for preventing bedsores and aiding in diaper changes. Developed by researchers at Waseda University, this robot is designed to support caregivers in nursing homes and hospitals.
Additionally, Japan has experimented with Robear, a robotic caregiver that helps lift and move elderly patients, reducing strain on human caregivers. Other robots focus on social engagement, providing companionship and cognitive stimulation to prevent loneliness and dementia-related decline.
Autism therapy
In France, humanoid robots like NAO have been integrated into autism therapy programs to help children develop communication and social skills. NAO, developed by SoftBank Robotics, acts as a therapeutic mediator, engaging children through structured interactions, storytelling, and imitation exercises. Studies suggest that children with autism respond positively to robots due to their predictable behavior and nonjudgmental nature.
In Lebanon, similar initiatives have been explored, though specific details are less widely documented.
However, globally, robots like QTrobot have been used in autism therapy, providing structured learning environments and emotional recognition exercises. These robots help children practice social interactions in a controlled setting, improving their ability to engage with humans over time.
Leading companies and famous humanoid robots
Several companies and countries are at the forefront of humanoid robot development, pushing the boundaries of AI and robotics.
Social media enthusiasts are familiar with Atlas robots -- developed by Boston Dynamics -- the highly agile parkour performing skills, showcasing their agility and ability to navigate complex courses.
Other leading companies developing humanoid robotics are: Tesla’s Optimus, a humanoid robot designed for general-purpose tasks; Agility Robotics’ Digit, a bipedal robot designed for warehouse and logistics operations; and SoftBank Robotics’ Pepper and NAO, widely used in customer service and education.
There are many other companies from the US, Japan, Russia, and China behind humanoid robots aimed at automating labor-intensive tasks in industries, for education and entertainment, business and customer service.
Of course, the most famous of all is Sophia, by Hanson Robotics (Hong Kong), a social humanoid robot with the ability to recognize faces, simulate emotions, and engage in conversations. Sophia is a symbol of AI advancement and went on to become the first robot to receive legal personhood by being granted Saudi Arabian citizenship. Sophia was also named the UN Development Programme’s Innovation Champion, and made countless media appearance across the globe.
Countries leading in Humanoid Robotics
Countries leading in the field are the United States (Boston Dynamics, Tesla, and Agility Robotics), Japan (SoftBank Robotics and Kawada Robotics), China (UBTECH Robotics), South Korea (Rainbow Robotics), Germany, known for precision engineering and industrial robotics; and France & Spain – emerging players with companies like PAL Robotics.
Shaping the future
The global humanoid robot market is projected to grow significantly, with one estimate suggesting it could The global humanoid robot market is projected to grow significantly, with one estimate by New York-headquartered Goldman Sachs investment bank and financial services company suggesting it could reach $38 billion by 2035.
The top three countries shaping the future of humanoid robots through technological advancements, large-scale investments, and leading in market share are:
- China – a dominant player in robotics manufacturing, investing heavily in AI-driven humanoid robots.
- Japan – A pioneer in humanoid robotics, focusing on healthcare, customer service, and industrial applications.
- USA – Home to leading companies like Boston Dynamics and Tesla, driving innovation in humanoid robotics.
Promise and problems
While humanoid robots populate factories and warehouses, the long-term vision extends far beyond – performing roles as personal assistants, educational tutors, customer service representatives, or even companions, enriching human lives and freeing up time for more creative pursuits.
At present, costs may be high, but projections suggest a significant drop in the coming years, potentially making them a cost-effective alternative to human labor in 24/7 operations, especially where labor costs are rising.
Due to the intricate nature of humanoid robots, with numerous joints, sensors, and actuators, concerns centre about maintenance, downtime, and the need for robust service ecosystems.
Training humanoids to interpret the real world accurately, including tactile sensing and object recognition, requires vast amounts of data, consuming substantial power, limiting their endurance, and necessitating efficient energy management.
Ethical concerns
Robots can also make errors, and the question of responsibility for their actions remains a critical ethical concern. Data privacy, potential for weaponization, and societal adaptation are also key considerations.
There are other ethical issues: Data privacy with robots operating in personal spaces; the moral implications of advanced AI, and potential robot autonomy.
Above all, an issue to be tackled for the future will be the psychological impact of human-like machines on human relationships and social structures.
